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The same precautions regarding alcohol consumption in the general population apply to people with diabetes. Currently, the recommendation is alcohol consumption should be limited to <=2 standard drinks per day and <10 drinks per week for women and <=3 standard drinks per day or <15 drinks per week for men.
Alcohol ingestion may mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia, reduce hepatic production of glucose and increase ketones. Moderate alcohol consumption (6 to 18 g/day) is associated with a 25% to 66% lower risk of total and fatal heart disease in persons with type 2 diabetes and, consumed with food, does not cause hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Daily moderate red wine consumption for 12 months reverses the increased oxidative stress and inflammation associated with heart attacks in persons with type 2 diabetes and shows lower blood pressure after 6 months in those with nephropathy; effects not observed with white wine. In contrast, visual acuity declines, but retinopathy does not, with increasing amounts of alcohol intake. Chronic high intake is associated with elevated blood pressure and TG in men with type 2 diabetes , while light to moderate intake shows an inverse association with A1C. For people with type 1 diabetes, moderate consumption of alcohol with, or 2 or 3 hours after, an evening meal may result in delayed hypoglycemia the next morning after breakfast or as late as 24 hours after alcohol consumption and may impede cognitive performance during mild hypoglycemia. | ||||